Frederick Irving Herzberg

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 Frederick Herzberg

Frederick Irving Herzberg (18 April 1923 – 19 January 2000) was an American psychologist who became one of the most influential names in business management. He is most famous for introducing job enrichment and the Motivator-Hygiene theory. In The Virginian-Pilot, it was noted that “The Father of Job Enrichment” and the originator of the “Motivation-Hygiene Theory”. Herzberg became both an icon and a legend among post-war visionaries such as Abraham Maslow, Peter Drucker and Douglas MacGregor. In academic of management studies, the mention of surname “Herzberg” alone was sufficient to indicate an awareness and knowledge of his concept and contribution. In 1995, his book “Work and the Nature of Man” was listed as one of the 10 most important books impacting management theory and practice in the 20th century.

 Frederick Herzberg was born in Massachusetts on April 18, 1923. Herzberg attended City College of New York where he studied history and psychology, but left part way through his studies to enlist in the army. As a patrol sergeant, he was a firsthand witness of the Dachau concentration camp. He believed that this experience, as well as the talks he had with other Germans living in the area was what triggered his interest in motivation. At the end of the war, Herzberg went back to City College and eventually graduated in 1946. He then moved to the University of Pittsburgh to undertake postgraduate studies in science and public health. He earned his PhD in psychology with a dissertation entitled "Prognostic variables for electroshock therapy". He started his research on the workplace while teaching as a professor of psychology at Case Western Reserve University in Cleveland and later moved to the University of Utah where he held the position of professor of management in the college of business. As part of his doctoral programme, he studied quantitative methods with John Flanagan (later Director at the American Institute for Research) who developed the Critical Incident method for selecting individuals with the necessary capacities to function as pilots, bombardiers and gunners in the Army Corps during the Second World War. Herzberg's clever open interviewing method gleaned far more meaningful results than the conventional practice of asking closed (basically yes/no) or multiple-choice or extent-based questions, which assume or prompt a particular type of response, and which incidentally remain the most popular and convenient style of surveying even today - especially among those having a particular agenda or publicity aim. Herzberg also prepared intensively prior to his 1959 study, not least by scrutinizing and comparing the results and methodologies of all 155 previous research studies into job attitudes carried out between 1920 and 1954. The level of preparation plus with the 'critical incident' aspect and the depth of care and analysis during the 1959 project, helped make Herzberg's study such a powerful and sophisticated piece of work. He spent a year at the Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health and wrote a thesis entitled Mental Health is Not the Opposite of Mental Illness. He became research director of Psychological Service of Pittsburgh in the middle 1950s and carried out numerous job attitude surveys as a means of gauging worker morale. In 1959, his research study, “The Motivation of Work” written with research colleagues Bernard Mausner and Barbara Bloch Snyderman is derived from the research he carried out in the 1950s to find out what caused satisfaction and dissatisfaction in the workplace. This research generated what Herzberg called the ‘motivation-hygiene’ theory, which provided the basis for his later publication. Herzberg expanded his Motivation-hygiene theory in his subsequent books: Work and the Nature of Man (1966); The Managerial Choice (1982); and Herzberg on Motivation (1983). In 1968, his article ‘One More Time: How Do You Motivate Your Employees?’ appeared in the Harvard Business Review, becoming that journal’s biggest selling article with well over a million reprinted copies sold. Motivation-hygiene theory, together with his ideas for job enrichment, brought Herzberg immense celebrity, both as an academic and also as a consultant to major corporations, including AT&T, ICI, Texas Instruments, British Petroleum and Shell. Ease of international travel, together with the use of movies, turned Herzberg into perhaps the first truly international management guru. Herzberg was consulted or gave seminars in over 30 countries, 275 different industrial, governmental and social organization, 175 professional societies, and 100 universities. Herzberg was later Professor of Management at Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, where he established the Department of Industrial Mental Health. He moved to the University of Utah's College of Business in 1972, where he was also Professor of Management. He died at January 19, 2000 (aged 77) at University Hospital, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, U.S.